Function:Growth factor active in angiogenesis , vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation , promotes cell migration , inhibits apoptosis , and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. Binds to the VEGFR1/Flt-1 and VEGFR2/Kdr receptors , heparan sulfate and heparin. Neuropilin-1 binds isoforms VEGF-165 and VEGF-145. Isoform VEGF165B binds to VEGFR2/Kdr but doesn't activate downstream signaling pathways , doesn't activate angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth. ,induction:Regulated by growth factors , cytokines , gonadotropins , nitric oxide , hypoxia , hypoglycemia and oncogenic mutations. ,online information:VEGF entry ,similarity:Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. ,subcellular location:VEGF121 is acidic and freely secreted. VEGF165 is more basic , has heparin-binding properties and , although a signicant proportion remains cell-associated , most is freely secreted. VEGF189 is very basic , it is cell-associated after secretion and is bound avidly by heparin and the extracellular matrix , although it may be released as a soluble form by heparin , heparinase or plasmin. ,subunit:Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Also found as heterodimer with PlGF. ,tissue specificity:The VEGF189 , VEGF-165 and VEGF-121 isoforms are widely expressed , whereas the VEGF206 and VEGF-145 are uncommon. ,
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